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Living in a bilingual (or multilingual) community forces people to be able to speak in at least two different languages. I will take Javanese as a case in point. Javanese people can speak Javanese, their mother tongue, and Indonesian as their secondary or national language at a minimum. It is possible to find them speaking foreign languages too. As people have to speak different languages (or follow different speech levels; i.e. ngoko or krama in Javanese language) for different reasons, the so-called linguistic phenomena of code switching (you call it "alih kode" in Indonesian) and code mixing (campur kode) will inevitably occur.

When you alternate between two (or more) languages during your speech with another bilingual person, that means you have code-switched. Here is one of my favorite examples of code switching (cited from http://www.apfi-pppsi.com/alihkode.html, my translation):

A: Yanis, tu veux du "gado-gado"? (1) (Yanis, would you like gado-gado?)
B: Mais oui, je veux aussi du "es dawet". Quand on travaille dur, on a toujours faim. (2) (Yes, I’d like es dawet too. When we work hard, we are always hungry.)
A: Pak Mar, tolong pesen gado-gado kalih, es dawet kalih. (3) (Pak Mar, please bring us two gado-gado and es dawet.)
C: Inggih, inggih. (4) (Alright.)

You can see speaker A changes her language from French to Javanese (in utterances 1 and 3). She speaks French when talking with her friend B because her friend knows French too, and then switches to Javanese to talk to C as C does not speak French.

As for code mixing, it occurs when you incorporate small units (words or short phrases) from one language to another one. It is often unintentional and is often in word level. You probably say or hear someone saying something like "jangan suka nge-judge gitu dong. orang kan beda-beda" (note that "judge" is the English word inserted in the Indonesian utterance). You can see that in code mixing, you don't alternate the whole sentence, but you only use one word or two. This often happens unintetionally. Sometimes you have a bunch of lexicons that get jumbled in your brain, and you often use more than one languages.

Now you can see the difference between code switching and code mixing. When you change language intentionally and you do it because of specific purposes (e.g. the presence of third person that does not share the same language, or the change of topic or situation), in other word the switch is functional, that means you code-switch. When you insert a piece of word other than that of your language, and you have no specific purpose or intention when doing that, that means you code-mix.

I have done two researches on this subject. One is on code switching in a home-office domain, the other is on code switching in a mailing list forum. Pretty interesting :D.

10 Comments:

  1. Anonymous said...
    iki pasti nyindir aq..hahahaha..
    lha wis pie nin, nyampur antara bahasa jawa, indonesia, plus inggris itu such a guilty pleasure..tuh kan..
    Anonymous said...
    ya begitulah kebisaan sehari-hari di Indonesia.. biar keren katanya...
    Mari berbahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar...
    ninaz said...
    @stey,
    iki menjawab komenmu wingi mbak,haha...
    iyo mbak, kadang tanpa sengaja nyeplos campur2 bahasane...

    @dee,
    tidak selalu biar keren lho med...bisa jadi karena sulit menemukan padanan kata yang tepat...
    Anonymous said...
    yeah, sometimes akyu masih call my parents kalau aku kangen mereka, cos it's hard to speak in bahasa you know, it makes people think akyu ngomong global warming is cool! orang bodoh mana yang bilang global warming is cool??
    ninaz said...
    @puput,
    haha..elu kick ass deh put..gw suka gaya loe!
    Anonymous said...
    This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.
    Dian Rosanti said...
    Hi! Gue ketemu blog in gara2 nge-Google "code switching Indonesian English".. Lagi mau buat paper utk extra credit utk kelas Intro to Linguistics. * code switch! * hehe. You said you've done some research on this subject, do you mind sharing your findings, or maybe send me some URL links to your research pages if you have them online?

    Thanks!
    Dian

    dian.rosanti@gmail.com
    Anonymous said...
    Ah mboh, I am Confused because kagak ngerti
    the_bestone said...
    bagus banget mbak . dari kemarin2 aku kebingungan buat judul untuk skripsi .
    aku tertarik dengan bahasan dampur dan alih kode . kira-kira mbak bisa menunjuan sedikit nasihat atau masukan-masukan ga buat aku ?

    mungkin kurang sopan yah mbak .
    email= skhatzey_2006@yahoo.com
    Anonymous said...
    Hi! thanks for the info it really helped me understand these concepts and helped with my homework as well.

    future teacher from South Africa

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